Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live longer than men and why have these advantages gotten bigger in the past? There isn't much evidence and ابر التخسيس we're left with only partial answers. Although we know that there are biological, psychological as well as environmental factors which all play a part in women living longer than men, we do not know how much each one contributes.

In spite of the amount of weight, we are aware that a large portion of the reason why women live longer than men today, but not in the past, has to have to do with the fact that certain significant non-biological elements have changed. What are these factors that have changed? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. There are others that are more intricate. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that every country is above the diagonal line of parity. This implies that a baby girl in every country can be expected to live for longer than her brother.

This graph shows that even though women enjoy an advantage in all countries, the differences across countries could be significant. In Russia, women live 10 years more than males. In Bhutan, the difference is just half a year.

__S.17__
__S.19__
The female advantage in life expectancy was less in countries with higher incomes as compared to the present.
We will now examine how the female advantage in life expectancy has changed over time. The following chart shows the male and female life expectancies when they were born in the US during the period 1790 to 2014. Two things stand out.

First, there's an upward trend: Men and women in the US are living much, much longer today than a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The gap is getting wider: Although the advantage of women in life expectancy used to be quite small It has significantly increased over time.

It is possible to verify that these principles are also applicable to other countries that have data by clicking the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, ابر التخسيس France, and Sweden.