Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live much longer than men today and why is this difference growing over time? The evidence isn't conclusive and we only have limited solutions. We know that biological, behavioral and environmental factors all contribute to the fact that women are healthier than men; However, we're not sure how strong the relative contribution to each of these variables is.

We know that women live longer than males, regardless of weight. But this isn't due to the fact that certain biological factors have changed. What are these changing factors? Some are well known and كيفية إقامة علاقة بالصور relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Other are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that all countries are above the line of parity diagonally. This means that a newborn girl in every country can anticipate to live longer than her brother.

This chart shows that, كيفية إقامة علاقة بالصور (glorynote.com) although there is a women's advantage everywhere, cross-country differences can be significant. In Russia women live 10 years longer than males. In Bhutan there is a difference of only half a year.

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The advantage for women in life expectancy was smaller in countries with higher incomes than it is now.
Let's look at how female longevity advantage has changed over time. The chart below shows male and female life expectancy at the time of birth in the US during the period 1790 to 2014. Two points stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Both men as well as women in the US live a lot, much longer today than a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The second is that there is an ever-widening gap: female advantage in life expectancy used to be very small however, it has increased significantly in the past century.

Using the option 'Change country in the chart, you are able to confirm that the two points apply to the other countries with available information: Sweden, France and the UK.