Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live so longer than men in the present and تحاميل مهبلية why have these advantages gotten bigger over time? The evidence is sketchy and we're only able to provide some solutions. We know that behavioral, biological and environmental factors all contribute to the fact that women have longer life spans than men, but we don't know exactly what the contribution to each of these variables is.

Independently of the exact number of pounds, we know that a large portion of the reason why women live longer than men today however not as in the past, is to be due to the fact that some fundamental non-biological factors have changed. These are the factors that are changing. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. There are other issues that are more intricate. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that all countries are over the diagonal line of parity. This implies that a baby girl in every country can anticipate to live longer than her brothers.

This graph shows that even though women enjoy an advantage throughout the world, the differences between countries can be substantial. In Russia women have a longer life span than men; in Bhutan the difference is less than half one year.

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In countries with high incomes, the female advantage in longevity was previously smaller.
Let's examine how the female longevity advantage has changed over time. The next chart shows male and female life expectancy when they were born in the US between 1790 and 2014. Two specific points stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Men and women in America live longer than they were a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, the gap is increasing: While the advantage of women in life expectancy was extremely small but it has risen significantly over time.

Using the option 'Change country from the chart, verify that these two points also apply to other countries that have available information: Sweden, France and the UK.