Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What's the reason women live longer than men? And how is this difference growing over time? We have only a small amount of evidence and the evidence is not strong enough to make an absolute conclusion. We know that behavioral, biological and علامات الحمل بولد environmental factors contribute to the fact that women live longer than men; however, we do not know how significant the impact of each of these factors is.

We have learned that women are living longer than men, regardless of their weight. But this isn't because of certain biological factors have changed. The factors changing are numerous. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that every country is above the diagonal parity line - which means that in every country the newborn girl is likely to live for longer than a new boy.1

The chart below shows that while there is a female advantage in all countries, the differences across countries can be significant. In Russia, women live 10 years longer than males. In Bhutan the gap is only half a year.

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The advantage for women in terms of life expectancy was lower in the richer countries than it is today.
We will now examine the way that female advantages in longevity has changed with time. The following chart shows the gender-based and female-specific life expectancy at birth in the US between 1790 until 2014. Two distinct features stand out.

There is an upward trend: Men and women in the US have a much longer life span longer today than a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, there's an ever-widening gap: female advantage in life expectancy used to be very small however it increased dramatically in the past century.

You can confirm that the points you've listed are applicable to other countries that have information by clicking on the "Change country" option in the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.