Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What's the reason why women are more likely to live longer than men? Why is this difference growing as time passes? We have only a small amount of evidence and اضيق وضعية للجماع the evidence isn't sufficient to support an unambiguous conclusion. We know there are behavioral, biological, and environmental factors that play an integral role in women who live longer than males, we aren't sure how much each factor contributes.

In spite of the amount of weight, we are aware that at least part of the reason women live so much longer than men and not in the past, is to do with the fact that some significant non-biological elements have changed. What are these new factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. There are other issues that are more intricate. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. As we can see, all countries are above the diagonal parity line ; this means that in all countries a newborn girl can expect to live for longer than a newborn boy.1

The chart above shows that while the female advantage exists in all countries, cross-country differences are large. In Russia women have an average of 10 years more than men; in Bhutan the gap is just half an hour.

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The female advantage in terms of life expectancy was lower in rich countries that it is today.
Let's take a look at how the female longevity advantage has changed in the course of time. The following chart shows the life expectancy of males and females at birth in the US during the time period between 1790 and 2014. Two specific points stand out.

First, there is an upward trend. Men and اضيق وضعية للجماع women in the United States live longer than they were a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

And second, there is an ever-widening gap: female advantage in terms of life expectancy used be quite small however, it has increased significantly during the last century.

If you select the option "Change country by country' in the chart, you can verify that these two points also apply to other countries with available information: Sweden, France and the UK.