Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live longer than men, and why is this difference growing over time? There is only limited evidence and the evidence is not strong enough to make a definitive conclusion. We know there are behavioral, biological and اوضاع الجماع environmental factors that all play a role in the longevity of women over males, we aren't sure how much each factor contributes.

It is known that women live longer than men, regardless of their weight. However it is not due to the fact that certain non-biological factors have changed. What are these factors that have changed? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Others are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that all countries are above the line of parity diagonally. This means that a newborn girl from every country could anticipate to live longer than her younger brother.

This chart is interesting in that it shows that although the female advantage exists everywhere, the cross-country differences are large. In Russia women are 10 years older than males; while in Bhutan the gap is less than half an hour.

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In wealthy countries, the women's advantage in longevity was previously smaller.
Let's examine how the female longevity advantage has changed over time. The next chart shows the life expectancy of males and females when they were born in the US between 1790 and 2014. Two things stand out.

First, there is an upward trend. Men and women living in America are living longer than they were a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, the gap is growing: Although the female advantage in life expectancy was extremely small It has significantly increased over time.

You can check if the points you've listed are applicable to other countries with data by clicking the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.