Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live longer than men, and why has this advantage increased in the past? There isn't much evidence and we're left with only some solutions. While we are aware that there are biological, العاب زوجية psychological and environmental factors which all play a part in women who live longer than men, we don't know what percentage each factor plays in.

We have learned that women live longer than males, regardless of weight. But this isn't due to the fact that certain biological factors have changed. What are these new factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that all countries are over the diagonal line of parity. This means that a newborn girl in every country can anticipate to live longer than her younger brother.

This graph shows that while there is a female advantage in all countries, the differences across countries can be significant. In Russia, women live 10 years more than men. In Bhutan the gap is just half a year.

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The advantage women had in terms of life expectancy was lower in rich countries that it is today.
Let's examine how the female longevity advantage has changed in the course of time. The chart below shows men and women's life expectancies at the time of birth in the US from 1790-2014. Two areas stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. as well as women in the US are living much, much longer than they did a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The gap is widening: While the advantage of women in life expectancy was once very small but it has risen significantly in the past.

If you select the option "Change country from the chart, determine if these two points are also applicable to other countries with available information: Sweden, France and the UK.