Why Are Women Living Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live so longer than men and how does this benefit increase over time? We only have a few clues and the evidence isn't sufficient to reach a definitive conclusion. We know that biological, ابر التخسيس behavioral and environmental factors play a role in the fact that women have longer life spans than men, but we don't know exactly how significant the impact of each factor is.

We have learned that women are living longer than men, regardless of weight. But, this is not because of certain non-biological factors have changed. What are these new factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that every country is over the diagonal line of parity. This means that a newborn girl in every country can be expected to live for longer than her younger brother.

Interestingly, this chart shows that although the female advantage exists everywhere, the difference between countries is huge. In Russia women live 10 years more than males. In Bhutan, the difference is less than half a calendar year.

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In rich countries the advantage of women in longevity was smaller
We will now examine how the gender advantage in longevity has changed with time. The next chart compares the life expectancy of males and females at birth in the US over the period 1790-2014. Two aspects stand out.

There is an upward trend. Both genders in America have longer lives than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The gap is widening: While the female advantage in life expectancy was once very small It has significantly increased in the past.

It is possible to verify that the points you've listed are applicable to other countries that have data by clicking the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.