Why Are Women Living Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live much longer than men today and how does this benefit increase over time? We only have a few clues and the evidence is not sufficient to reach an absolute conclusion. We know that biological, behavioral and environmental factors all play a role in the fact that women have longer life spans than men, however, كيفية ممارسة العلاقة الزوجية فى الاسلام we do not know what the contribution of each of these factors is.

We are aware that women are living longer than men, regardless of weight. However, this is not because of certain non-biological factors have changed. What are these changing factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Other are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that every country is above the line of parity diagonally. This implies that a baby girl in every country can be expected to live for longer than her brother.

It is interesting to note that, while the advantage for women exists everywhere, the cross-country differences are large. In Russia women live for 10 years longer than men. In Bhutan, the difference is just half a year.

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The female advantage in terms of life expectancy was lower in countries with higher incomes than it is today.
Let's take a look at how the female longevity advantage has changed over time. The next chart plots the male and female lifespans when they were born in the US during the time period between 1790 and 2014. Two specific points stand out.

First, there's an upward trend: Men and women in the US are living much, much longer than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, كيفية ممارسة العلاقة الزوجية فى الاسلام there's an increasing gap: The female advantage in life expectancy used be quite small however it increased dramatically over the last century.

When you click on the option "Change country' on the chart, confirm that the two points are applicable to other countries with available information: Sweden, France and the UK.