Why Are Women Living Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What is the reason women live longer than men? And how has this advantage gotten larger over time? There is only limited evidence and the evidence is not sufficient to support an informed conclusion. We recognize that biological, افضل كريم للشعر behavioral and environmental factors contribute to the fact that women have longer lives than men, but we don't know exactly how strong the relative contribution of each of these factors is.

It is known that women live longer than men, regardless of weight. But this isn't because of certain non-biological aspects have changed. These variables are evolving. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Some are more complex. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. It is clear that all countries are over the diagonal line of parity. This implies that a baby girl from any country can be expected to live for longer than her brother.

It is interesting to note that although the female advantage is present everywhere, cross-country differences are large. In Russia women live 10 years longer than men. In Bhutan the difference is just half each year.

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In countries with high incomes, the advantage of women in longevity was smaller
Let's see how the female longevity advantage has changed in the course of time. The chart below illustrates the male and female life expectancy when they were born in the US between 1790 until 2014. Two things stand out.

First, there is an upward trend. and women in the US live much, much longer today than a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

There is a widening gap: The female advantage in life expectancy used to be very small, but it grew substantially during the last century.

You can check if these are applicable to other countries that have data by clicking on the "Change country" option in the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.