Why Are Women Living Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. Why do women live so more than men do today and how have these advantages gotten bigger in the past? The evidence is sketchy and we only have partial answers. Although we know that there are biological, behavioral, صبغ الشعر بالاسود and environmental factors which all play a part in women who live longer than men, we don't know how much each factor contributes.

In spite of the precise amount of weight, we are aware that at least a portion of the reason women live longer than men today however not as previously, is to have to do with the fact that some important non-biological aspects have changed. These are the factors that are changing. Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. Other are more complicated. For example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that all countries are over the line of parity diagonally. This implies that a baby girl in all countries can anticipate to live longer than her brothers.

This chart shows that, while there is a female advantage in all countries, the differences across countries can be significant. In Russia women live 10 years more than men. In Bhutan the gap is just half a year.

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The female advantage in life expectancy was much lower in developed countries than it is now.
Let's now look at how the gender advantage in longevity has changed with time. The chart below illustrates the male and female life expectancies at the time of birth in the US during the period 1790 until 2014. Two aspects stand out.

There is an upward trend: Men and women in the US have a much longer life span longer today than a century ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

The gap is growing: Although the female advantage in terms of life expectancy was extremely small, it has increased substantially over time.

It is possible to verify that the points you've listed are applicable to other countries that have data by clicking on the "Change country" option on the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.