Why Are Women Living Longer Than Men

Everywhere in the world women live longer than men - but this was not always the case. The available data from rich countries shows that women didn't live longer than men in the 19th century. What makes women live longer than men in the present, and why does this benefit increase in the past? The evidence is limited and we only have incomplete solutions. We know there are biological, behavioral, and environmental factors which all play a part in women's longevity more than men, we do not know the extent to which each factor plays a role.

In spite of how much amount of weight, we are aware that at least part of the reason women live longer than men in the present however not as in the past, has to relate to the fact that some important non-biological aspects have changed. What are these new factors? Some are well known and relatively straightforward, like the fact that men smoke more often. There are other issues that are more intricate. For زيوت تطويل الشعر (glorynote.com) example, there is evidence that in rich countries the female advantage increased in part because infectious diseases used to affect women disproportionately a century ago, so advances in medicine that reduced the long-term health burden from infectious diseases, especially for survivors, ended up raising women's longevity disproportionately.

Everywhere in the world women tend to live longer than men
The first chart below shows life expectancy at birth for men and women. We can see that every country is over the diagonal line of parity. This implies that a baby girl in all countries can anticipate to live longer than her younger brother.

The chart above shows that the advantage of women exists in all countries, cross-country differences are large. In Russia women live 10 years longer than males; while in Bhutan the gap is less than half each year.

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In wealthy countries, the longevity advantage for women was previously smaller.
We will now examine how the gender advantage in longevity has changed with time. The following chart shows the male and female life expectancy when they were born in the US from 1790 until 2014. Two distinct points stand out.

The first is that there is an upward trend. Both men and women in the US live much, much longer than they did 100 years ago. This is in line with historical increases in life expectancy everywhere in the world.

Second, the gap is growing: Although the female advantage in life expectancy was extremely small but it has risen significantly in the past.

It is possible to verify that these points are also applicable to other countries with information by clicking on the "Change country" option in the chart. This includes the UK, France, and Sweden.